Symplocos racemosa bark assisted copper nanoparticles and its Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacilli species

 

K. Ashwini, S Rajeshkumar, Anitha Roy, T Lakshmi

Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai – 600077, TN, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles using lodhra bark against Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus species. Introduction: Symplocos racemosa also known as Lodhra, is a drug used by Ayurvedic practitioners. Theroot, bark and leaves of this plant is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea, leprosy, uterine and liver disorders. Materials and methods: The plant extract is prepared by mixing 100 ml of distilled water, boiled and filtered using a filter paper. The copper nanoparticles are prepared by mixing copper sulphate powder to 500 ml of distilled water. Readings were taken frequently, and the synthesis of copper nanoparticles were analysed. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of both S.aureus and Lactobacilli species. Results: S.aureus showed a higher inhibition area than Lactobacillus. Conclusion: There is a future potential for these copper nanoparticles for combating pathogenic microorganisms.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Symplocos Racemosa also known in Hindi as Lodhra, is a common, indigenous traditional drug used by Ayurvedic practitioners. They are evergreen trees and tall about 10-15m. They are mainly found in north and east India throughout the Himalayas. The Symplocos genus comprises of 300-500 species of the Symplococaceae family. About 68 species are found in India [1]. Lodhra helps the make the body firm. It also removes excess fluids from skin. Lodhra consists of Loturine-0.25%, Colloturine-0.02%, Loturidine-0.06%. It has a wide range of pharmacological actions. The root, bark and leaves of this plant is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, liver diseases, uterine disease leprosy, liver complaints, uterine disorders, diarrhoea, dysentery and conjunctivitis. Majority of phytopharmacological reports are on stem bark of the plant which include anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-androgenic effect, anti-inflammatory, wound healing activity and anti-diabetic effects [2,3].

 

The metallic nanoparticles have been found to demonstrate a wide range of antibacterial activity against various bacterial species, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [4,5]. Recently, copper nanoparticles have been used. Copper is one of the most essential trace elements in living organisms. They exhibit a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against different species of microorganisms [6,7]. Currently, copper has been registered as the first and only metal with antimicrobial properties by the American Environmental Protection Agency [8,9]. This material kills 99.9% of most pathogens within 2 h contact [10]. Although copper is one of the most widely used materials, its nano synthesis requires special care because of its high capability of rusting. Compared to other metals, copper is extremely sensitive to air, and copper oxides phases are thermodynamically more stable. Therefore, the formation of an oxide layer on the surface of the copper nanoparticles is inevitably causing a marked decrease of its antibacterial properties [11,12].

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Plant extract preparation:

Lodhra bark was powdered and its extract is prepared by mixing 100ml of distilled water and is boiled for 3-5 mins in heating mantle and then filtered using a filter paper.

Figure1: Preparation of plant extract

 

Preparation of copper nanoparticles:

0.861 grams of copper sulphate powder is added in 60 mL of distilled water and the Lodhra bark extract was added. The solution is kept in the shaker and the readings were taken for every 2 hours for analysing the synthesis of nano particles.

 

 

Figure 2: Copper nanoparticles synthesis

 

Antibacterial activity:

Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the activity. The fresh suspension of Lactobacillus and S.aureus were dispersed on the surface of Muller Hinton agar plates. Different concentrations of copper nanoparticles were incorporated into the wells and they were incubated at 37 degree Celsius for 24 hours.

 

Results:

      

Figure 3: Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles against Lactobacillus sp

 

     

Figure 4: Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles against S. aureus

 

DISCUSSION:

Comparatively, S.aureus showed higher inhibition area than lactobacillus. First of all, copper nanoparticles demonstrate a very strong catalytic activity, a property that can be attributed to their large catalytic surface area. with the small size and great porosity, the nanoparticles are able to achieve a higher reaction yield and a shorter reaction time when utilized as reagents in organic and organometallic synthesis.

 

The antimicrobial activity is induced by their close interaction with microbial membranes and their metal ions released in solutions. As the nanoparticles oxidize slowly in solutions, cupric ions are released from them and they can create toxic hydroxyl free radicals when the lipid membrane is nearby. Then, the free radicals disassemble lipids in cell membranes through oxidation to degenerate the membranes [9,13]. As a result, the intracellular substances seep out of cells through the destructed membranes; the cells are no longer able to sustain fundamental biochemical processes. In the end, all these alterations inside of the cell caused by the free radicals lead to cell death [13]. Mostly, Staphylococcus cause diseases related to skin like scaled skin syndrome, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis and endocarditis. Copper helps in preventing them by acting on copper binding enzyme, a glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase in aureus species leading to the inhibition of glycolysis mechanism. Generally, all the they have a toxic effect on bacteria and damage the cell membrane which leads to impairment in protein synthesis [14-24].

 

CONCLUSION:

Our results indicate the future potential of these copper nanoparticles for combating pathogenic microorganisms. The nano particles may be suitable for formulating new anti-microbial materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

 

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Received on 27.02.2020           Modified on 12.04.2020

Accepted on 29.05.2020         © RJPT All right reserved